Race and the American Novel Part 2: Synthesis

America

      One prevalent theme that I saw permeating throughout American Literature is inequality, the way it was distributed through classes, sex, and race, and I think non white women got the absolute worst of it.  During slavery, unless you were a heterosexual white man, you had virtually no power within society, women being just above slaves and immigrants.  If you were a woman you took care of the house, children, and piety; if you were a slave, you were as good as livestock; but if you were a slave woman, you had it worst of all.  I think slave women had to be thought of as something akin to a person, because they were often sold into sex slavery (which was surprisingly busy business considering peoples views towards African Americans of the time), bred like barn animals for more slaves, or sometimes kept for the private "use" of their owners.  Even our fore fathers, great leaders and defenders of democracy and freedom, owned people, many of them even having children with their slaves.  Now, I can't imagine many of these women were willing participants, and combined with a knowledge of the way slave families were discouraged and ripped apart, I don't know how any African American women made it out of slavery intact.  I think this kind abuse contributed greatly to the problems of race and gender inequality we face today.  By stealing every slaves identity and ripping apart their families, history was taken away from African Americans both during and after slavery.  They no longer had a past to reflect upon, a family to depend on, leaving them isolated and helpless.  For most of us, when we have a problem we look to the past for advise; which leads me to believe that this unintentional effect of slavery was one of the most debilitating.  These are problems that persist today and weren't even acknowledged or acted upon until the 1960's.  

          Falling into the cult of domesticity, certain things were expected (and still are) of women.  They should be pious, pure, submissive, and domestic.  This is prevalent throughout many of the stories we read this semester.  I thought Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin complicated this paradigm, because slaves kind of took on all of these roles within slave owning homes.  For the most part, the slaves in Stowe's novel are very religious, submissive to their masters will, pure and faithful to their master, and often times took on the domestic duties of the home, cooking, cleaning, child rearing.  If the cult of domesticity is a definition of women, where does Stowe leave women? White and black.  Sethe in Toni Morrison's Beloved is also an interesting note here, because she possesses two of these qualities, or rather doesn't possess piousness or purity, but "home" still seems to be the best and only place for Sethe, she even works in a kitchen.  What does this mean for women? Is Sethe or any of the women in UTC real women?  Was Uncle Tom a woman?

          The cult of true womanhood led to a breakdown of women across the country, who were all unhappy, depressed, and otherwise longing; and the men couldn't figure it out, what else besides a big home with all the latest gadgets, a husband, and healthy children could a woman possibly want?  Charlotte Perkins Gilman gives readers a glimpse into this torture/oppression in The Yellow Wallpaper, which was later re articulated by Betty Friedan in The Feminine Mystique as "the problem with no name.  Women needed more than a life provided for them, they wanted to choose, to decide whether or not to have a family, to get an education, a career, and to have these things be acceptable socially.

          But I think the largest problem faced in our country today is the way society would rather ignore or repress our problems and history.  I think we have made leaps and bounds since the days of slavery, and are continuing to make progress towards humanity.  But we still have a ways to go as evidenced by the current race riots, police brutality, and gender inequality that are going on today.  I think the first step on the road to recovery is society learning to accept people as people, not judging them by their race, sex, or preferences.  We are all people, men, women, black, white, and everyone in between, we all eat, breathe, love, cry, bleed, and live in this country.  I think we need to start focusing on our similarities instead of our differences.  

Works Cited:

Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique / by Betty Friedan. 20th Anniversary ed. New York: Norton, 1983. Print.

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." 1892. 1865-Present. Ed. Nina 
     Baym. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2013. 485-97. Print. 
     Vol. 2 of The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 2 vols.

Morrison, Toni. Beloved. 1st Vintage Intl ed. New York: Vintage Book, 2004. 
     Print. 

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Ammons, Elizabeth, and Cairns Collection of American Women Writers. Uncle Tom's  Cabin : Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism / Harriet Beecher Stowe ; Edited by Elizabeth  Ammons. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2010. Print. Norton Critical Edition.

         

Race and the American Novel Part 2: Reader Response

Love/Hate

          After reading several reader reviews on Goodreads, Barnes and Noble, and Amazon, I found that there is a love/hate interpretation of Toni Morrison's Beloved.  By that I mean that readers either loved it or hated it, there didn't seem to be any in-between.  Those that hated it generally seemed to be annoyed or confused with the shifting narrative and psychological nuances.  As an example, aspiring author and Goodreads reviewer, Mark Stone, is one of the hate its, and in his opinion, "I found Beloved incomprehensible to the point of absurdity. It's one thing to have a book that is full of magic and poetry or to have a character's passion overwhelm their ability to describe the world from time to time, but I also need to know what is going on. For the story to grab me, I need to know what the story is." (Stone Goodreads)  I think he is missing the point, Morrison  wrote like this to demonstrate the lasting psychological effects of slavery, and to highlight that lack of story that an entire people do not have.  

          On the other end of the spectrum, those that loved Beloved tended to praise Morrison for the complexities, narrative, and emotion evident in her novel, and often times posting emotional reviews.  One anonymous review gave Beloved 5 stars and comments, "I didn't find it confusing-but it was deep and required you to sit with it sometimes to absorb it-which also seemed to me, intentional by the writer.  I loved that about it." (Anonymous Barnes&Noble)  A review on Amazon from A Customer states, "There are mini history lessons on every page, wonderful imagery and symbolism, beautifully drawn characters, and food for thought that should stay with you for the rest of your life." (Customer Amazon)  I agree with these two comments, because I had to sit with this novel at times and think about it, in fact it made much more sense after a class discussion, but with Morrison's talented hand, the characters, settings, and moods really came to life for me opening up a new perspective for me and a deeper understanding of U.S. history.  I am definitely on the love it side.

          I think to truly appreciate this novel, readers need some knowledge on slavery, its torments, and its lasting effects.  I got the impression that the academic world were the love its, and the everyday readers and those who were unfamiliar with Morrison were the hate its.  Beginning with a historical context and remembering to never judge a book by its cover, it is clear to me why Beloved is so highly acclaimed.   I think Goodreads reviewer Jessica, who gave Beloved 4 stars, says it pretty well, "I feel like people who haven't read her believe that Morrison writes these lovely, lyrical ladylike books that will soften the heart and elevate the soul... and I mean, I guess in a way she does, but these lovely books will give you seriously deranged nightmares." (Jessica Goodreads)  

Works Cited:

sorry I'm not sure how to cite these reviews, but I pulled them from Goodreads, Barnes & Noble, and Amazon reader reviews of Toni Morrison's Beloved. 

Race and the American Novel Part 2: Contemporary Connections

History

          In an article for the Chicago Tribune, journalist John Kass covers a story entitled "Teacher's lesson about racism offends his bosses."  This story is about a Monroe, Michigan, 36 year veteran middle school history teacher who showed a video of a white entertainer in "blackface" during a lecture on racism and segregation in the U.S., and was subsequently suspended by administration.  Turns out, students and parents were outraged at his suspension, and organized on his behalf to get his job back.  He was eventually reinstated.  There has not yet been any discussion on his curriculum choices and nothing resembling an apology has been issued; we're just left with a talented educator with a bitter taste in his mouth.  In his own words, "Teaching history means that sometimes you teach things that happened that were offensive.  Racism is offensive, and the use of blackface was offensive, the crucifixion was offensive, wars are offensive, and the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II was offensive.  But it happened.  You don't skip history because it might offend.  It happened.  It's history.  That's what I do. I teach history." (Qtd in Kass)  I think this teacher makes an excellent point about history and the way it is taught, and I believe if we had more educators like this one in our country we might someday be able to acknowledge our past, grow from it, and eventually move forward. (I also think it could help the maturity level towards race in this country.)
          I believe that the way we teach U.S. history in the American public school system is an issue we face today.  While I do believe the history that is taught in schools today has gotten much better in recent years, it differs widely across the country because the way history is taught is debated controversially due to the many different thoughts, feelings, and beliefs, surrounding American's often times violent history.  There are some areas of the United States that stifle an accurate depiction of history, like up in Monroe, MI, and others that change and alter it to suit their beliefs: a county in Georgia that teaches Creationism alongside of Evolution in public schools, a county in Texas that now refers to the slave trade as the atlantic triangular trade, are just a couple of disturbing examples and articulate the way that this is a national issue and not just one for the slave states.  I believe that withholding knowledge, whether it's good or bad, holds society back, and before we can move forward we must acknowledge and learn from the past.
          History happened.  I know that most of the time U.S. history isn't all that pleasant to dwell on, and at times quite disturbing, but a consistent and accurate account of history needs to be taught in schools throughout the U.S. if we are ever going to attempt to heal old wounds and move forward as a nation.

Work Cited:

Kass, John. "Teacher's Lesson about Racism Offends His Bosses." Chicago Tribune. 
     Chicago Tribune, 5 June 2014. Web. 14 May 2015. 

Click here to check out the article

Race and the American Novel Part 2: Beloved Critical Commentary

Identity

          In his essay, "Is Hell a Pretty Place?  A White-Supremacist Eden in Toni Morrison's Beloved," one point author David Cosca argues is that the lack of information and communication given (or not given) to African Americans during slavery worked to break them down emotionally, psychologically and contributed greatly to the lasting effects of slavery.  Cosca believes, "whatever the reality of history is-and the point is, really, that we cannot know with any certainty, due to both the period which these events took place and the indifference of those who were transporting kidnapped humans across the Atlantic [...]  Morrison's text also urges us to understand the consequences that this history has had on the society that we live in, and portrays that this sense of historical loss can cast a shadow on not just one generation, but on an entire society over several hundred years." (Cosca 12)  In other words Cosca is saying that wanton neglect and nearly a complete lack of documentation during the slave trade ripped away the history of an entire people, and left them without the hope, because without a family, who will help you?  Cosca notes that Beloved, "portrays the perceived necessity of obscuring the familial relationships between slaves, both as a means of making slaves feel alienated and as a means to attempt to eliminate natural feelings of love and affection between family members." (Cosca 11)  This relates to the way slaves were bred like livestock and their children were forced into slavery (often times being taken far away never to be heard from again), so slave owners discouraged families among slaves to weaken emotional bonds and reduce trust between slaves.  Cosca believes one reason we still deal with this issue today is because, "society endeavors to obstruct the propagation of stories and facts that reflect shameful and humiliating aspects of the history of our society, but which are easier or more comforting for many people to dismiss, ignore, repress, or revise." (Cosca 10)  I agree with Cosca, the disturbing lack of documentation, records, or first person accounts of slavery, combined with an insight into the ways slaves were isolated, alienated, and dehumanized is another way African Americans were brutalized, and does not portray the United States in a very positive light, and because our society would rather not talk about that "unpleasant" part of history these issues endure today.  

          I think Cosca raises a good point that shows up repeatedly throughout Toni Morrison's Beloved, and helps me empathize with the main characters.  All of the characters in Beloved have a less than traditional view of families, and share some of their experiences and memories throughout.             Sethe offers a vague memory of her mother while talking with Beloved, "You mean my Mother?  If she did I don't remember.  I didn't see her but a few times in the fields and once when she was working indigo.  By the time I woke up in the morning, she was in line. [...]  She must of nursed me two or three weeks-that's what the others did.  Then she went back in the rice and sucked from another woman whose job it was." (Morrison 72)  The casual manner with which Sethe discussed these horrific memories is heart breaking, and to think that this detachment from familial bonds was intentionally forced onto African Americans is unbelievable and unforgivable.  If I saw my mother hanging from a tree mutilated, I would have a lot of very strong feelings, and would probably harbor emotional memories.
          Having spent the majority of her life within the institution of slavery, Baby Suggs holds an equally distorted view towards family.  She recalls her own children, "The last of her children, whom she barely glanced at when he was born because it wasn't worth the trouble to try to learn the features you would never see change into adulthood anyway.  Seven times she had done that [...] All seven were gone or dead.  What would be the point of looking too hard at that youngest one? (Morrison 163-164)  Baby Suggs also is pretty casual about a pretty traumatic situation( she never would have been able to get any kind of closure good or bad), and is a prime example of the way slaves were bred like livestock, and the detachment they felt towards their families.  It was imposed not only by the slave owners, but probably also as a sort of macabre defense mechanism of an oppressed people. It makes me wonder how many times a heart can broken before a persons mind and spirit is lost.
           Even though she was born outside of the institution of slavery, Denver is still a victim of its after effects.  Denver remembers what little education she was able to obtain, "She was seven, and those two hours in the afternoon were precious to her.  Especially so because she had done it on her own and was pleased and surprised by the pleasure and surprise it created in her mother and her brothers.  For a nickel a month, Lady Jones did what whitepeople thought unnecessary if not illegal: crowded her little parlor with colored children who had time for and interest in book learning." (Morrison 120)  Denver was leaps and bounds ahead, because she learned to spell and count.  Slaves were usually put to hard labor and for generations were forced to use their backs and not their minds, so education was generally not a part of a their life, and did not value "book learning" very much.  The slave owners on the other hand discouraged education among African Americans as another way to keep them complacent without a means to help themselves or each other.
          Out of context, these stories, feelings, and memories would be hard to empathize with, but with all this context, even a woman who kills her baby with a hand saw can be redeemable.

Works Cited:
Cosca, David. "Is Hell a Pretty Place?  A White Supremacist Eden in Toni Morrison's     Beloved." Interdisciplinary      Humanities 30.2 (2013): 9-23. MLA International Bibliography.Web. 5   May 2015.
Morrison, Toni. Beloved. 1st Vintage Intl ed. New York: Vintage Book, 2004. 
     Print. 

Blog 6: The Way To Rainy Mountain

The Great Outdoors

          The settings, and stories of historical settings, of N. Scott Momaday's "The Way to Rainy Mountain" are described in such detail that they become the most important part of the story, and reveal a deep connection and reverence to nature and the land.  With a sense of awe, Momaday describes Rainy Mountain, "To look upon that landscape in the early morning, with the sun at your back, is to lose the sense of proportion.  Your imagination comes to life, and this, you think, is where creation was begun."  (Momaday 1465)  This description hints at a belief that life comes from the land, and I get a sense that he loves the land in the same way that most people love their parents, grateful for life, guidance, and knowledge.  With an equally reverent tone, Momaday tells of how the Kiowas came to the plains, "Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain.  In July the inland slope of the Rockies is luxuriant with flax and buckwheat, stonecrop and larkspur.  The earth unfolds and the limit of the land recedes. [..]  The Sun is at home on the plains.  Precisely there does it have the certain character of a god."  (Momaday 1466)  This story is about the Kiowas and their pilgrimage to be as close to their god as possible, and as they reach the plains, Momaday's description gets more and more focused on the beautiful and lush surroundings, making their new home/land a heaven on earth.  One of the Kiowas oldest rituals, the Sun Dance, is no longer performed, but an elder woman, Ko-sahn, remembers the last one, and one of the key components was land, "The old woman had a bag full of earth on her back.  It was a certain kind of sandy earth.  This is what they must have in the lodge.  The dancers must dance upon the sandy earth."  (Momaday 1473)  The land is of such importance to the Kiowas that even dirt had many different categories and was so important as to be crucial in rituals, revealing a deeply symbolic connection to all of the land.  Even though this is a story about a man dealing with the death of a loved one, her death becomes secondary to the landscape, the memories and knowledge she left him of the land, and the void left by her in the land.

          I can relate to this connection with nature, because, growing up in northeast Wisconsin I spend/spent a lot of time outdoors, developed a healthy respect for nature, and truly value my time and memories there.  Just about everything life needs comes from nature: food, water, shelter, light, warmth, and I believe that we should all do what we can to take care of nature the way nature takes care of us, by not littering, putting out camp fires, and generally trying to leave nature the way you found it.  I also believe that it's important to remember that nature is in charge.  No matter how well you plan, weather, wildlife, or natural disasters can ruin anything.  So, plan for the worst, and hope for the best.  I have never associated my love of the outdoors with a religious design, but nature is a great place to unwind, relax, and forget all of your troubles.  Everything just sort of washes away with the breeze and the birds and the crackle of a fire or the lap of water on a beach.  

          I think the U.S. is doing a better job in recent years in acknowledging and teaching a more realistic version of our history to students, especially at the college level.  When I was in grade school I was led to believe that slavery and manifest destiny weren't all that bad.  I later found out that they were both filled with physical, psychological, biological, emotional, and cultural warfare.  Native and African Americans weren't just beat, they were destroyed on every human level and everything was taken from them.  Even though I do think we are doing a better job recognizing these parts of our history, we still have a ways to go, as evidenced by the story we discussed in class of the sacred native mountain that is going to be leveled during the mining process.  I just couldn't believe this story when I heard it.  How can a company be allowed to destroy a peoples monument?  Comparing it to a non spiritual "white" monument, what would Americans have to say if someone decided to scrap out the Statue of Liberty?  I bet an awful lot.

Works Cited:

Momaday, N. Scott. "The Way to Rainy Mountain." 1969. 1865-Present. Ed. Nina 
     Baym. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2013. 1463-1473. Print. 
     Vol. 2 of The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 2 vols. 

Blog 5: Good Country People

Face Value

          In the short fiction "Good Country People," by Flannery O'Connor, the character Joy/Hulga is characterized in such a way that she sees people as tools to be used.  O'Connor lets readers into Joy/Hulga's thought process at the onset of the story as, "Hulga had learned to tolerate Mrs. Freeman who saved her from taking walks with her mother.  Even Glynese and Carramae were useful when they occupied the attention that might otherwise have been directed at her."  (O'Connor 1342)  I get the impression that Joy/Hulga would not like this live-in family at all if they didn't serve some purpose that suited her personal desires.  This process extends to the world around her as her mother reminisces, "All day Joy sat on her neck in a deep chair, reading.  sometimes she went for walks but she didn't like dogs or cats or birds or flowers or nature or nice young men.  She looked at nice young men as if she could smell their stupidity." (O'Connor 1344)  Without much more than a cursory glance she is writing off people as useless and also ignoring the larger world around her with all of its inherent beauty, because they don't serve her a particular purpose.  Later while thinking of her coming date with Manly, "she imagined, that things came to such a pass that she very easily him and that then, of course, she had to reckon with his remorse.  True genius can get an idea across even to an inferior mind.  She imagined that she took his remorse in hand and changed it into a deeper understanding of life.  She took all his shame away and turned it into something useful." (O'Connor 1349)  Joy/Hulga sees herself as so superior to Manly and his intelligence, that his simple problems, thoughts and notions can be changed by her in a moment.  Much to Joy/Hulga's chagrin, the date didn't pan out quite so well.  As he makes off with her glasses and prosthetic leg, Manly informs her, "One time I got a woman's glass eye this way.  And you needn't to think you'll catch me because Pointer ain't really my name.  I use a different name at every house I call at and don't stay nowhere long.  And I'll tell you another thing, Hulga, you ain't so smart.  I been believing in nothing ever since I was born!"  The whole time he was playing into her hubris, she couldn't get past his appearance and paid the price; one thing Joy/Hulga or her mother probably should have done was ask to open the bibles, and they should have wondered why he wasn't quoting any scripture.  

          There's an old saying that I think we're all familiar with that says, "don't judge a book by its cover."  This is something I have tried to adhere to throughout my life when dealing with people.  I have always tried to let peoples actions speak for them, instead of their looks, ethnicity, sex, or sexual preferences.  Even then, you would have to do something pretty bad for me to write you off as a bad or unintelligent person, for example unprovoked violence and animal cruelty are a couple of things I don't tolerate.  As for intelligence, I think everybody, country or city folk, educated or uneducated, upper or lower class, is smart in their own way.  I'd be willing to bet there isn't many doctors or lawyers that can repair their own vehicles, fix a roof or wall, or run plumbing through their homes.  What makes them so much better than the people that can do these things with their eyes closed, and visa versa.  Everybody knows something about something.  People that lack this quality do so at their own loss, because they will miss out on meeting a lot of great people and experiences, and instead spend their days dwelling on which single story someone belongs to.  I believe that world leaders and decision makers who lack this quality are the reason that nationalism and inequality have been so prevalent throughout history.  The thought that your country, and its people, is the best one is not the way we should be viewing humanity and our planet.  

Literary Context Response of Tennessee Williams

Thomas Lanier Williams

          Although Tennessee Williams wrote fiction he drew heavily from his own life for inspiration, making his works nearly autobiographical, and while reading his play, "A Streetcar Named Desire" an understanding of his family and upbringing adds a great deal of depth to its characters Blanche, Stella, and Stanley.  According to the Gale Literary Database entry on Williams, "he spent his first seven years with his mother, his sister, Rose, and his maternal grandmother and grandfather, and Episcopal rector.  A sickly child, Tom was pampered by doting elders.  In 1918, his father, a traveling salesman who had often been absent, [...] moved the family to St. Louis.  [...]  The contrast between leisurely small-town past and northern big-city present, between protective grandparents and the hard-drinking, gambling father with little patience for the sensitive son he saw as a "sissy," seriously affected both children.  While Rose retreated into her own mind until finally beyond the reach even of her loving brother, Tom made use of the adversity."  (Gale 9)  The Norton Anthology expands on Williams and his family, "His Mother, "Miss Edwina," the daughter of an Episcopalian minister, was repressed and genteel, very much the southern belle in her youth.  His father Cornelius, was a traveling salesman, often away from his family and often violent and drunk when at home.  As a child Williams was sickly and overly protected by his mother; he was closely attached to his sister, Rose, repelled by the roughhouse world of boys, and alienated from his father."  (Baym 1113)  With this background information at hand I can clearly see where Blanche and Stanley come from.  Stanley is the embodiment of Williams' father, an absent, gambling, drinking, violent man.  Blanche on the other hand, I believe is a combination of Williams mother and sister; she is the classy, proper, refined southern belle, but also has psychological problems.  While I'm sure there are other people and experiences that factor into his characters, I can definitely see his sister and parents portrayed in Streetcar.

          I also found that the conflicts within Streetcar are incarnations of Williams own struggles with identity and his perceived place in society.  The Gale database states, "Williams family problems, his alienation from the social norm resulting from his homosexuality, his sense of being a romantic in an unromantic, postwar world, and his sensitive reaction when a production proved less than successful all contributed significantly to his work."  (Gale 11)  I think this statement sheds some light onto Stella's unhealthy relationship with Stanley, and her desire to stay in it even though he is blatantly abusive in front of family and friends.  I believe their relationship is representing the social norm as Williams sees it, and Blanche, the single and promiscuous old maid, is just outside of that norm, and from the poker night on is slowly pushed farther and farther away until finally being sent away.  In his article, "Tennessee One-Step, author Terry Teachout notes, "The particular "family madness" that became Williams's main subject was sexual inhibition.  Like so many gay playwrights of his generation, Williams found it difficult to come to terms with the furtive urges that his mother (as portrayed in The Glass Menagerie) regarded with a mixture of contempt and fear: 'Don't quote instinct to me!  Instinct is something that people have got away from!  It belongs to animals!  Christian adults don't want it!'"  (Teachout 75)  This struggle with sexuality is uncannily depicted in opposing ways by Blanche and Stanley.  Stanley is very open about his sexuality, in fact he does and takes what he wants, and in the end has the happier ending staying at home with his wife and child.  While Blanche struggles with her sexuality and tries to suppress her desires, and in the end she loses everything; her home, family, sanity, and loses whatever sexual power she may have had after being raped by Stanley.  I can see Williams's dilemma, should he try and fit into the social norm and be accepted or do what is right for him and be ostracized from society?

          Throughout my research, the thing that really caught my eye was the fact that Williams is considered to be one of the three best playwrights of the 20th century, even though he had relatively few successful plays in comparison to his many flops.  According to the Gale Database, The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire alone won 2 New York Drama Critics Circle Awards, 2 Donaldson Awards, a Pulitzer Prize, and he continued to win awards and prizes for many other plays as well.  (Gale 1)  I think this is pretty amazing considering Williams was a gay man writing in the 40's and 50's when homosexuality was not accepted.  Williams turning point happened in the 1960's in Teachout's opinion when, "The sexual permission that Williams helped create sort of robbed him of a platform.  He found himself a revolutionary in a post-revolutionary era.  By the time the 60's rolled around, the things Williams had liberated were everywhere irrelevant."  (Teachout 76)  I believe that while Williams helped create a sexual openness that was crucial to the social movements of the 60's, he had the misfortune of being born or starting his career about a decade too late.  A little earlier and he may have enjoyed a longer run of success, but because of the social movements and sexual revolution of the 60's, Tennessee Williams's works became commonplace instead of titillating. 

Works Cited:

Teachout, Terry. "Tennessee One-Step." Commentary (2014): 75-77. Literary Reference Center. Web. 20 Mar. 2015.

Tennessee Williams. N.p.: n.p., 2008. Contemporary Authors. Web. 1 Mar. 2015. 
     <http://galenet.galegroup.com>. 

Williams, Tennessee. "A Streetcar Named Desire." 1947. 1865-Present. Ed. Nina 
     Baym. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2013. 1113-77. Print. 
     Vol. 2 of The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 2 vols. 

Blog 4: "A Streetcar Named Desire"

Consideration

          In "A Streetcar Named Desire," by Tennessee Williams, Stanley Kowalski is characterized as a shallow person by everything he does and says.  While meeting Blanche for the first time in the opening scene Stanley inquires, "Stella's spoke of you a good deal.  You were married once, weren't you?  What happened?" (Williams 1125)  I found this to be a very personal and inconsiderate topic to bring up during a first conversation with anybody, and if Stella had said anything about Blanches late husband I think it would have involved not mentioning him.  Stanley's greed is shown in the second scene as he rifles through Blanche's things, and demands to know all about the loss of Bele Reve.  Surely an expecting father should be concerned for his family's financial well being, but he is failing to realize that under his Napoleonic code he would be just as entitled to a debt as an inheritance, and he should be handling this situation with a little more tact.  After getting blackout drunk and striking Stella on poker night, Stanley is concerned only with getting his Stella back, going to the street screaming, "Stell-lahhhh!  I want my baby down here.  Stella, Stella!"  (Williams 1138)  I feel like he should be concerned with his pregnant wife's well being first and foremost, the neighbors that he is undoubtedly disturbing, and maybe being ashamed of himself for his actions; not with how much he misses her and how that makes him  feel.  The next morning he eavesdrops on a conversation between Stella and Blanche.  He is unconcerned with a domestic dispute upstairs, and instead lets Blanche know that has been snooping into her affairs, and has also been poisoning Mitch's thoughts of Blanche with his ill-begotten information.  Even after discovering Blanches many problems, and on her birthday no less, Stanley has the gall to produce a bus ticket to Blanche and inform her of her departure in a couple of days.  Through it all, Stanley is only concerned with himself, and comes off as a very shallow person looking out for number one.

          I see a lot of Stanley Kowalski in my own father, but with a very profound yet subtle difference.  My dad worked a lot while I was growing up, and when he did have time off he drank quite a bit.  He did in fact have a pretty hot temper, but never went as far as hitting anybody.  The big difference is his outlook towards people.  My dad is always concerned with others before himself.  He always sees the best in people and tries to help everybody that he can, even at a significant loss to himself.  Things didn't really matter unless his family was o.k.  I remember being about 16 and wrecking my dad's car. I freaked out, because I was familiar with his temper, and I thought he was going to kill me.  Sure enough, he was plenty mad when I called him, but by the time he got there he was only concerned with my safety.  Something he said that day will stay with me forever, "Danny, I don't care if you burned the Mona Lisa, as long as you're o.k., stuff can be replaced, you can't."  That is one of the most important things my father taught me, people come first.

          While it is important to look out for yourself, I think it is equally important to consider the consequences of your actions and how they effect those around you.  I think it would be pretty amazing to live in a world where people think about others before they do or say something.  Then maybe we wouldn't have issues like the financial crisis a few years ago with its massive bailouts to corporate sleaze who made unethical business decisions at the cost of everyone else.  Considering others first might lead to a world of tolerance, where people walk a mile in someone else's shoes before making a harsh judgement or going farther with violence, murder, or even genocide.  I think it could also create a sense of community throughout humanity; people that are genuinely concerned about each other and care about the success of humanity.

Works Cited:

Williams, Tennessee. "A Streetcar Named Desire." 1947. 1865-Present. Ed. Nina 
     Baym. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2013. 1116-1177. Print. 
     Vol. 2 of The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 2 vols.

Blog 3: "I Too"

Keeping Your Chin Up

          On the surface, "I Too" by Langston Hughes, is a poem expressing a patient and optimistic outlook towards changing racial equalities.  The opening stanza of the poem, " I am the darker brother.-  They send me to eat in the kitchen- When company comes,- But I laugh,- And eat well,- And grow strong." (Hughes 1039)  I think that being welcome to eat at the table represents his welcome into society, and since eating is something we all do, it more specifically represents his welcome into society as a person.  On a deeper level, I think this poem really speaks of confidence, due to his ability to laugh away others' thoughts and do what he can to better himself for the time being.  The second stanza elaborates on confidence and adds a flare of optimism with, "Tomorrow,-  I'll be at the table-  When company comes.-  Nobody'll dare-  Say to me,-  'Eat in the kitchen,'-  Then.-  Besides,-  They'll see how beautiful I am-  And be ashamed-" (Hughes 139-1040)  This stanza tells me that he understands his value as a person, is sure that he will be welcome into society, and is patiently awaiting that day.  But I think the very last line of this poem is the most important part in regards to confidence, "I, too, am America."  This indicates that, while confident in himself and his predictions, he is just like you, not better or lesser.

          In America today, the media and advertising agencies project an impossible image of "normal" women and men; men are big and strong while women are curvy and slim.  Unfortunately, many people don't fit into these "normal" categories, and this creates a lack of confidence in many men, women, boys, and girls throughout the country and probably the world.  I'm no different.  Until I was about 16 I was an extremely small boy; I was always smaller than everybody in my class, family, and friends.  Even after I sprouted to six feet tall, I was still very skinny and now ungainly.  Even though I knew, as everybody knows, that everybody is different, I maintained a low confidence for most of my life regarding my appearance.  It wasn't until a couple of years ago when I realized that this is probably how I will look for the rest of my life, tallish and slim, and decided that I like that idea.  (Especially after seeing how some of those "normal" big and strong guys aged.)  Now, I'm a fairly confident person; I like the way I look and don't really care what other people think anymore (though, I am still quite embarrassed when given compliments), and that confidence has provoked me into doing more with myself and my life.

          As for a  world full of people who are confident and welcome, I am of two minds.  On one hand, I think almost everybody should be a welcomed member of society and humanity, and I believe self-confidence is something that should be encouraged in everyone.  On the other hand though, people who have been ostracized throughout their lives have created some of the greatest poems, writings, films, and even science.  Galileo Galilei was ostracized from the world and even placed under house arrest in the last years of his life for his belief that the earth revolved around the sun, and he is today considered to be the father of physics.  There is a fine line between confidence and arrogance.  People who are overconfident scare me, because they often think they are better than other people and have no problem stepping on others to elevate themselves.  I think it is of the utmost importance to remember throughout life that you are as good as anybody, but better than no one.

Works Cited:

Hughes, Langston. "I Too." 1925,1959. 1865-Present. Ed. Nina 
     Baym. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2013. 485-97. Print. 
     Vol. 2 of The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 2 vols.

Race and the American Novel Part 1: Uncle Tom's Cabin Personal Synthesis

Power: Part 3

          A common theme that permeates "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by Harriet Beecher Stowe, is the presence of a gross inequality in America.  I believe that throughout America's short history inequality has been traditionally fueled by religion, and its worst quality: Justification.  Every religion and religious document is extremely open to each readers own interpretation, and due to this, anybody can justify any action or cause with holy righteousness; many American "accomplishments" have been credited to Christianity.  This is aptly pointed out in "Uncle Tom's Cabin" during Haley and Tom's boat ride downriver.  On said trip a heated debate arises over slavery, a clergyman proclaims, "Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants he shall be, the scripture says," as justification of slavery, and a young man interjects his own interpretation of the divine, "All things whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even so unto them," to condemn slavery.  (Stowe 112-113)  Both of these men are quoting from the same book, yet they have reached very different conclusions regarding the Bible's message, and can both charge their beliefs with holy Justification.

          For African Americans this inequality was legally binding and all encompassing, as they had no rights, no voice, and no help.  George Holmes would have us believe that life for slaves wasn't so bad, that in fact there were laws in place protecting them.  Laws such as, "The slave is entirely subject to the will of his master, who may correct and chastise him, though not with unusual rigor, nor so as to maim or mutilate him, or expose him to the danger of loss of life, or to cause his death. [...]  If any slave be mutilated, beaten or ill treated contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act, when no one shall be present, in such case the owner or other person having the management of said slave thus mutilated, shall be prosecuted without further evidence, unless the said owner or other person so as aforesaid can prove the contrary by means of good and sufficient evidence, or can clear himself by his own oath." (Holmes 511)  In my opinion, these laws only point out how outrageously unequal blacks were to whites in the eyes of the law itself, by allowing violence by and loop holes for slave owners.

          This inequality also greatly affected women.  Nineteenth century ideological beliefs dictated separate spheres for gender roles; men were to work, provide, make decisions, and generally hold power, while women were meant to have children and take care of the home.  As we learned in class the ideal 19th century women was pious, pure, domestic, and submissive to man and god.  This is disturbingly portrayed in "The Yellow Wallpaper," by Charlotte Perkins Gilman; the unnamed women in the story has so little power in her marriage that she can't even get her room changed.  Even though she has expressed to her husband that she has some serious issues with her current room, the cult of domesticity has permeated her mind to a point that she thinks, "I would not be so silly as to make him uncomfortable just for a whim." (Gilman 488)  Why should her comfort be ignored for his? or anybodies?  In fact, she's the "sick" one, shouldn't her comfort be paramount?  I believe that in terms of power and equality, Women have been historically just above African Americans, and even though women were legally people, they were, like slaves, an extension of their husband/man, and held little to no power to do anything about their situation. 

           Equality in the United States today is still severely lacking, but has made some very promising progress since the time of Uncle Tom.  Slavery was abolished in 1863, the 15th Amendment (1870)passed giving African Americans the right to vote, the 19th Amendment (1920) passed giving suffrage to Women, and through the Civil Rights and Women's Movements of the 1960's, segregation was ended and many limitations confining Women and African Americans roles in America have been lessened.  Unfortunately sexism and racism are still alive and well in America, and although many of our old problems have been alleviated, many new problems rise as our society evolves.  

          Inequality in today's America is fueled not by religion anymore, but by capitalism, and in our capitalist nation, the rich keep getting richer and the poor keep getting poorer.  I believe that this economic inequality grew largely due to our ambiguous past.  Historically in the U.S., the only people that could own property, a business, and accumulate real wealth were white men, in particular those white men of Anglo-Saxon decent.  Because of this limited population of "qualified" business owners (assuming most businesses and wealth are passed down and inherited), many of today's most prominent businesses and most of Americas wealth is owned and controlled by one percent or less of the total population.  Unfortunately for most of us then, in America money is power.

Works Cited:
Holmes, George F., "Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin": (504-514). The Southern Literary Messenger 18. Oct.1852.    Print.
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." 1892. 1865-Present. Ed. Nina 
     Baym. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2013. 485-97. Print. 
     Vol. 2 of The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 2 vols.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Ammons, Elizabeth, and Cairns Collection of American Women Writers. Uncle Tom's  Cabin : Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism / Harriet Beecher Stowe ; Edited by Elizabeth  Ammons. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2010. Print. Norton Critical Edition.

Race and the American Novel Part 1: Uncle Tom's Cabin Critical Commentary

Power: Part 2

          In a "Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin," author George F. Holmes accuses Harriet Beecher Stowe of grossly misrepresenting slavery in the south.  Holmes begins by questioning Stowe's character, and deems her not a "lady writer," but a "female writer," and he believes that she is out of line and raises scripture against her,"Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection.  But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence." (Holmes 505)  Holmes makes it pretty clear here how he feels about the duties of men and women.  After attacking Stowe's character and belittling her writing prowess he continues to pragmatically falsify character portrayals and plots throughout "Uncle Tom's Cabin."  To paraphrase a bit,  Holmes believes, "Mr. Shelby could have done more to control Mrs. Shelby, she in turn should have been more obedient to her husbands wishes.  Slave owners, like Haley, would not want their property back dead, and fugitive hunters couldn't just go around shooting runaways.  He even states that Stowe's eyewitnesses should be guilty of accessory to murder if they in fact saw what they say they did."  (Holmes 506-510)  Holmes basically breaks down every character and several plots and points out how inaccurate they are in comparison to the "reality" of southern life.  

          After venting a bit, Holmes employs a little logos, and points out that there are many laws concerning slave safety and protecting them from their owners.  These laws included, "The Slave is entirely subject to the will of his master, who may correct and chastise him, though not with unusual rigor, nor as to maim or mutilate him, or expose him to the danger of loss of life, or to cause his death.  If any slave be mutilated, beaten, or ill treated contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act, when no one shall be present, the owner or other person having management of said slave thus mutilated, shall be prosecuted without further evidence, unless said owner can prove the contrary by means of good and sufficient evidence, or can clear himself by his own oath."  (Holmes 511)  According to this a slave owner cannot be truly violent to his property, but if he does, he can apparently take an oath and clear his name.  

         Holmes finishes his accusations by painting his own picture of the south,"as for the comfort of their daily lives and the almost parental care taken of them on well-regulated plantations, we may say that the picture of the Shelby estate, drawn by Mrs. Stowe herself, is no bad representation. (Holmes 512)  In Holmes opinion, the average slave in the south was more or less willing and had a pretty decent life.  In concluding his review Holmes calls Stowe a liar and offers her a holy warning, "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor." (Holmes 514)

          I believe that Holmes is a representative of the southern slave owner.  He has a lot to lose with the abolition of slavery, and wow, is he ever on the defensive.  What Holmes is failing to understand is that, while based in reality, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" is a fiction, and in fiction certain details may be embellished for dramatic effect.  As a reader in modern times I think that too accurate of a depiction of slavery would have appalled the readers of its time, and would have made it easier to dismiss.  She really could have embellished on the violence and cruelty of slavery, but instead kept the violence quite mild.  Stowe used a more subtle way to reach the minds of Americans and entered through their hearts.  All of Holmes' bluster and defensiveness leads me to believe that even he knows that there is some truth to Stowe's depiction of slavery, because it's often quite easy to blow off a lie, the truth on the other hand stings.

          While I disagree with most of what Holmes has to say, I do believe his critique adds to my understanding of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by highlighting its ambiguous reception.  Today's audience inherently knows that slavery was and is wrong, but in the mid 19th century it wasn't so cut and dry.  Let's face it, the U.S. got pretty rich from slave labor, which gave many Americans of the time a desire to uphold slavery.  Also, in the mid 19th century, the only media sources available were books and newspapers, which were more than likely owned and run by rich white men and presenting their opinions, making it very easy for average Americans to ignore slavery or to believe what they are told by the media.  Due to these facts there were very mixed feelings towards slavery and slavery related literature.  I think that ambiguities like these really present the boundless reach of man's greed, and show us that people will do almost anything to get and stay rich.

Works Cited:

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Ammons, Elizabeth, and Cairns Collection of American Women Writers. Uncle Tom's  Cabin : Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism / Harriet Beecher Stowe ; Edited by Elizabeth  Ammons. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2010. Print. Norton Critical Edition.

Holmes, George F., "Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin": (504-514). The Southern Literary Messenger 18. Oct.1852.    Print.

Race and the American Novel Part 1: Uncle Tom's Cabin Textual Backgrounds and Context

Power: Part 1

          It is important to remember that in the 1850's not only did society and nation condone slavery, religion also worked in some rather insidious ways to uphold slavery.  In "The Life of Josiah Henson," by Josiah Henson I believe that Christianity is implicated as a tool for slavery, by scaring African Americans into inaction and obedience.  Henson tells of growing up in slavery with his pious mother under a stern master.  He goes on to tell of his earning the respect of his fellow slaves, and always working effectively and loyally for his master.  Even when the opportunity for freedom presents itself in a free state, Henson believes," the idea of running away was not one that I had ever indulged.  I had a sentiment of honor on the subject, or what I thought such, which I would not have violated even for freedom."  (Henson 431)  While he doesn't come right out and say it I believe that the honor he speaks of is based in his christian beliefs which led him to help his fellow slaves at much personal risk, to stay with his master, to work to the best of his ability, and in this way I believe Christianity kept many pious slaves in the thrall of slavery.  

          On a boat heading down river after being cheated out of his freedom and sold, Josiah has had enough and devises a plan to kill the boat crew, take any essential provisions, and flee north to freedom.  Standing above the sleeping captain, axe poised to kill, a heart-stopping thought stops Josiah," What! commit murder! and you a christian?  I had not called it murder before." (Henson 433)  Even though his oppressors have no problem lying, cheating, stealing, torturing, raping, and killing while being Christian, Josiah is again led by his own Christian beliefs to ignore his own physical well-being in favor of a clear conscience and an honest life.  Josiah's story helps me better understand the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" by Harriet Beecher Stowe by giving me a little insight of the religious slaves reasoning process, and helped me understand how Uncle Tom could so pragmatically accept his place in life.  I know that this wasn't the case for all of the former slaves, and that leaves me dreading to think about the slaves without religion, and the hopeless existence they must have endured.

          Throughout history some of the most atrocious acts, like wars, genocide, and oppression have been carried out in the name of one religion or another.  Many examples present themselves throughout history, the Crusades of the middle ages, the Holocaust during WWII, and Manifest Destiny during America's early years to name a few, sadly there are countless other examples.  In America's short history the ruling class has been diabolically ingenious when dealing with its problems and getting what it wants.  I think that what happened to the Native Americans is the most obvious, but certainly not the only, example of America's ambiguous problem solving techniques.  Beginning with deception, disease, and pitting tribe against tribe, soon the railroad industry came along and waged a war against the buffalo, and later Native Americans were forced onto reservations and into Indian Boarding Schools, which tried to "kill the savage but save the man."  In these ways Americans brought the Native Americans, their culture, and their best resource, the buffalo, to near extinction, and all in the name of religious duty, Manifest Destiny.

Works Cited:
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Ammons, Elizabeth, and Cairns Collection of American Women Writers. Uncle Tom's      Cabin : Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism / Harriet Beecher Stowe ; Edited by Elizabeth    Ammons. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2010. Print. Norton Critical Edition.

Henson, Josiah. "The Life of Josiah Henson." 426-435. Boston: Arthur D. Phelps, 1849. Print

Blog 2: "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Work Through It

          The setting of "The Yellow Wallpaper," by Charlotte Perkins Gilman consists primarily of one large, ill-papered room at the top of a colonial mansion, and I believe that this room symbolizes the unnamed main character's changing life, mind, and sanity.  For most of the story she is confined to this one room to recover from depression, and at first it doesn't seem too bad.  To paraphrase her description, it is " a large room with lots of windows and sunshine, ready for kids, but it has a distracting and ugly yellow wallpaper." (Gilman 487)  I believe the room represents the life she is supposed to live with kids,sunshine, air, and not a whole lot else, and at first she seems fine with it, but she can already see how unappealing the boarders of that life are.  Later she tries to talk to her husband about her issues with the room, and laughing at her plight, he talks her out of it when she implores, "Then do let us go downstairs, there are such pretty rooms there." (Gilman 488)  Everybody has different aspects of their lives, maybe a creative side, a family side, or a professional side to name a few, and I think the different rooms of the house represent different parts of her life.  While the room upstairs represents a life of family and domesticity, the other rooms could represent an academic, social, or professional life, and when she expresses an interest in trying one, her husband laughs and tells her the one upstairs is the best one for her.  With only this one room, or aspect of her life and mind, she begins to focus on the yellow wallpaper and its pattern which she describes as, "strangled heads and bulbous eyes and waddling fungus growths that shriek with derision!" (Gilman 496)  Towards the end of the story I think the room becomes her entire world, represents her whole mind, and she is trapped in that one narrow aspect of it.  The wallpaper represents the boarder of sanity around her mind, and I believe the yellow color of the wallpaper was meant to caution her and the pattern was meant to distract or scare her away in order to protect her sanity.  By the end of the story she throws caution to the wind, isn't thwarted by the pattern, and shreds the wallpaper.

          In my opinion, and I think Gilman would agree, the best way to treat depression is to get busy in life physically and mentally, not laying around all day bored and pensive.  In my limited experience with depression several years ago many aspects of my life were disrupted, and I had to make a choice: I could sit around and feel sorry for myself, or I could work through it.  I have never been one to feel sorry for myself, so I began to work through it.  I took this very literally, and began working extra hours, going to the gym everyday, running, bicycling, enrolling in college, and doing odd-jobs at my mom's house, like plumbing, masonry, and yard work.  All the while, I was too busy to think about how unhappy I was, and at night I was too physically exhausted to lay awake pondering.  Before I knew it I didn't need the distractions anymore, and my life was taking some positive turns; I'm back in school, have picked up some useful trades along the way, am in pretty amazing shape, and, more importantly, I'm happy again.  When we don't acknowledge our problems, and just shut them up in a room hoping they'll go away, they grow and drive us crazy.

          When we ignore our problems on a national or global scale we begin to see social injustice, like the U.S. before and after the Civil Rights and Women's movements, that are upheld emphatically, often times violently, and are extremely difficult to repair.  The "Yellow Wallpaper" to me is a precursor to the Women's movement and the "problem with no name," proposed by Betty Friedan in The Feminine Mystique.  On a national scale, the plight of women across the U.S. was ignored and belittled.  As a result we saw a national epidemic of "sick" women, and I wonder how many of them went insane or did something deplorable.  Whether you think there is a problem or not, and whether you like it or not, if someone, or many someones say that there is a problem, then it's time to talk about it and hopefully reach some sort of solution that doesn't leave anybody in the dust.  I think a world where we faced our problems head-on and out in the open would foster a general sense of equality and the togetherness of people, and I would love to live in that world of  discussion and reasoning, where nobody tried to get ahead at the cost of another person.  

Works Cited:

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." 1892. 1865-Present. Ed. Nina 
     Baym. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2013. 485-97. Print. 
     Vol. 2 of The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 2 vols.

Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique / by Betty Friedan. 20th Anniversary ed. New York: Norton, 1983. Print.

Blog 1: Uncle Tom's Cabin

Morality

          A conscience is that little inner voice that tells us whether or not we are doing the right thing, and is something that most of us has to deal with.  If I were a religious person I would think that a clear conscience would keep me in God's good graces, but I am not.  Instead, I have tried to live my life according to the morals that my father patiently taught to me.  My dad is a good man, he is well liked by everybody who knows him, and has gone to great lengths throughout my life to teach me the importance of honesty, open-mindedness, and just how precious life is.  As a result of his steadfast teaching I believe I grew into a morally ground person who is honest, open-minded, inquisitive, and just plain old friendly to anybody regardless their sex, color, or sexual preferences. For me, my conscience works in such a way that it is either clear and I can sleep at night, or it is guilty and knots my stomach til I'm sick.  While reading "Uncle Tom's Cabin" by Harriet Beecher Stowe I've noticed that many of the characters have a conflict with their own conscience concerning slavery and its encompassing practices.

          The exact details of this conflicted conscience is different for each character, and since I'm not writing a whole essay I am going to focus on the trader, Mr. Haley.  During a conversation with two trappers at a tavern after Eliza's successful flight Haley proclaims to Tom Loker, "I al'ays meant to drive my trade so as to make money on 't, fust and foremost, as much as any man; but, then trade an't everything, and money an't everything, 'cause we's all got souls. [...]  I b'lieve in religion, and one of these days, when I've got matters tight and snug, I calculates to tend to my soul and them ar matters; and so what's the use of doin' any more wickedness than's re'lly necessary?- it don't seem to me it's 't all prudent." (Stowe 60)  This statement suggests to me that Haley probably has some doubts about his chosen profession, that he understands there is a moral ambiguity surrounding the slave trade and violence, and he worries about getting into heaven because of this uncertainty.  He even tries to treat his slaves well and without violence to compensate for this uncertainty.  On the boat heading south, Haley becomes part of a heated conversation about slavery with a handful of fellow passengers, and is left rather unsettled and pensive by one stranger predicting, "Depend upon it, God will bring you into judgement for this." (Stowe 113)  If Haley's profession left him with a clear conscience this young man's statement would have little footing in Haley's mind, but it does bother him.  Which to me suggests again that Haley isn't totally comfortable with the moral ambiguities of his profession.  Haley justifies his conscience and profession by pointing out an obvious fact,"So long as your grand folks wants to buy men and women, I'm as good as they is; 'tan't any meaner sellin' on 'em, than 't is buyin'!" (Stowe 92)  I agree with Haley here, while his profession is vile, it is no worse than even the kindest slave owner, and suggests to me a broader implication of the government that legalizes such practices.
          We live in a country that celebrates capitalism, and "Uncle Tom's Cabin" highlights one of the biggest issues surrounding free-market capitalism: Ethics.  In the mid nineteenth century, when our capitalist market was still in its infancy and slavery was legal, there was a market demand for slaves, and many enterprising men that strove to supply it.  Even though many slave owners and traders knew that slavery and violence were morally wrong, the government told them it was o.k., and the rest is history.  It doesn't matter how unethical, inhumane, or "dirty" a job is, there will always be somebody willing to do whatever it takes to make a buck.  Even in modern times we see the effects of unregulated capitalism through global events like the financial crisis of 2008; some big-wigs wanted to make a buck, didn't care how many or whose lives they would destroy, made some unethical decisions, and began a recession that has been compared to the great depression of the 1930's.  We can all help to create and support an ethical capitalist system by doing a little research.  Much like Haley's government made the slave trade legal, our government makes it perfectly legal for us to buy products that were made by children working in sweat shops.  If we all took the time to find out which products are produced by child labor we could stage a mass boycott, and effectively end child labor, but as long as there is a market for these products, there will always be someone willing to supply it.  The capitalist system of the U.S. started in a pretty ambiguous way and is still quite murky when dealing with ethics, but as long as we try to make ethical consumer decisions, we can grow this nation into the beacon of freedom, justice, and equality that it was meant to be.

Works Cited
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Ammons, Elizabeth, and Cairns Collection of American Women Writers. Uncle Tom's Cabin : Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism / Harriet Beecher Stowe ; Edited by Elizabeth Ammons. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2010. Print. Norton Critical Edition.